Miles Davis savait fort bien détourner une chansonnette pour en faire quelque chose d’infiniment plus intéressant, souvent sans en changer le titre. En l’honneur de sa nouvelle compagne, la danseuse Frances Taylor, il tira Fran Dance de Put Your Little Foot Right Out, une chanson plus ou moins traditionnelle révisée par Larry Spier dans le film «?San Antonio?». Pris sur un tempo lent en studio, dans une atmosphère détendue – il en existe une autre version enregistrée au Festival de Newport, voir «?Bill Evans – The Quintessence?» -, ce thème permet à Cannonball de confirmer qu’il avait su préserver dans son jeu ce côté souriant, léger, qui en faisait l’un des charmes. Ce qui, de ce fait, offrait un contraste intéressant avec le ton plus sévère affiché par Coltrane. Une gravité à laquelle Adderley restera toujours étranger quelque ait été la force des rapports qui le lièrent à Trane.
De Miles lui-même, Cannonball apprit une leçon qu’il conservera toujours en mémoire : «?J’avais l’habitude de considérer le solo comme quelque chose de plus ou moins secondaire dans l’orchestre. L’important, c’étaient les ensembles, tout comme la propreté d’exécution, les unissons, les bases de la musique. En écoutant Miles qui n’est pas un bon trompettiste mais un grand soliste – vous voyez ce que je veux dire -, tout d’un coup ces bases ne représentèrent plus autant de choses pour moi tellement il était brillant en n’en tenant aucun compte. Un solo exprime ce qu’il pense à propos d’une composition et ainsi le dit solo devient la chose importante […] Miles estimait que, s’il était interprété comme il le fallait, il pouvait égaler une composition (8).?»
Sur Fran Dance, Cannonball était accompagné par Bill Evans. Il le côtoyait seulement depuis quelques jours mais l’avait entendu précédemment au Village alors que le pianiste se produisait au même programme que son frère Nat. Lorsqu’il avait rapporté à Miles Davis la forte impression que son jeu avait fait sur lui, il s’était entendu répondre que ça tombait bien parce que lui, Miles, venait de l’engager… Pour des raisons personnelles, Red Garland ne désirait pas se rendre à Philadelphie, là où le quintette devait se produire.
Le style de Bill Evans intéressa tellement Adderley qu’il lui demanda d’être son accompagnateur lorsque l’occasion lui fut offerte d’enregistrer «?Portrait of Cannonball?».
Un album inaugurant la longue collaboration – elle engendra une bonne quinzaine albums - entre Orrin Keepnews, l’un des deux propriétaires du label Riverside, et Cannonball. Les deux hommes avaient fait connaissance l’année précédente grâce à Clark Terry. Le courant était passé entre eux au cours d’une longue conversation entretenue sur le trottoir du Café Bohemia dont le propriétaire avait pour habitude de virer indistinctement quiconque s’incrustait trop longtemps au bar. Riverside ayant acquis de l’envergure – Thelonious Monk, Bill Evans, Sonny Rollins comptaient maintenant parmi ses vedettes -, Keepnews proposa un contrat à Cannonball car celui qui le liait à Mercury, témoignait d’une belle ambiguïté et ne résistait guère à l’examen.
Entouré de Sam Jones et de Philly Joe Jones, en compagnie de Blue Mitchell à la trompette et de Bill Evans au piano, Julian Adderley enregistra «?Portrait of Cannonball?» qui réunissait à un unique standard, People Will Say We’re in Love, des thèmes signés Gigi Gryce (Minority), Miles Davis (Nardis – voir «?Bill Evans – The Quintessence») et trois compositions originales dont Blue Funk de Sam Jones. Un morceau très étonnant par la présence d’un double «?press roll?» avec lequel Philly Joe Jones introduit les souffleurs - selon Alain Gerber, un cas sans doute unique dans le jazz enregistré. Par le swing à ras du sol qui s’en dégage, Blue Funk préfigure quelque peu le répertoire qui fera la gloire du futur quintette des frères Adderley.
Au sein d’un nonette dont Quincy Jones était l’arrangeur, dissimulé derrière le pseudonyme de Ronnie Peters, Cannonball avait croisé Milt Jackson en janvier 1957 pour le compte d’Atlantic Records. Orrin Keepnews eut l’idée de les réunir en tête à tête au cours d’une séance dont le résultat fut baptisé «?Things Are Getting Better?». Un titre rendant on ne peut mieux compte du contenu d’un disque qui résultait d’une forme de récréation que s’étaient octroyés deux musiciens en rupture de formations particulièrement exigeantes, le M.J.Q. et le Miles Davis Sextet. Tous deux s’en étaient donné à cœur joie. Soutenus par Wynton Kelly - le nouveau pianiste de Miles -, Percy Heath et Art Blakey, Cannonball et Milt Jackson proposèrent une version assez inattendue du Groovin’ High de Gillespie, l’un des hymnes au son desquels les boppers étaient partis à l’assaut de la scène du jazz. Sans en modifier quoi que ce soit, tout à la joie de se rencontrer, les deux complices lui insufflèrent une belle dose d’une bonne humeur quelque peu goguenarde qui en métamorphosait l’esprit sinon la lettre. Une première rencontre aussi réussie ne peut que faire regretter qu’une seconde édition n’ait jamais été mise en chantier.
Le 2 février 1959, le sextette de Miles terminait un engagement au Sutherland Lounge de Chicago. Le lendemain, la formation au complet, toutefois sans son chef, pénétrait à l’Universal Recording’s Studio B pour le compte de Mercury. Le fruit d’une initiative pour le moins insolite. La séance se ferait sous la direction du saxophoniste alto dont la renommée dépassait alors, et de loin, celle de Trane. À sa réédition seulement le disque changea d’intitulé, la mention «?Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago?» étant remplacée par «?Cannonball & Coltrane?».
Dès l’édition princeps, le premier nommé ne dissimulait pas dans ses notes de pochette son admiration pour le second : «?Bird jouait des choses que personne n’avait encore entendu, tout comme Lester Young. John Coltrane fait de même. Il se projette dans le futur même pendant qu’il joue. Un jour, on reconnaîtra combien il avait à dire réellement. Ses idées sur l’harmonie sont fantastiques et ce qu’il fait à nos théories existantes sur les progressions d’accords est vraiment excitant (9).?» Moins disert que ne l’était Adderley, Trane ne s’étendra guère sur leur association.
Ainsi qu’il était d’usage à l’époque, chacun des deux saxophonistes interpréta seul une ballade de son choix. John Coltrane choisit You’re a Weaver of Dreams, Cannonball Stars Fell on Alabama. Avec infiniment de délicatesse, il rendait justice à une mélodie indissolublement liée à Jack Teagarden. Il n’en conservait pas la nonchalance, confirmant cependant une nouvelle fois son goût pour une forme de romantisme.
Limehouse Blues - thème du film éponyme réunissant en 1934 George Raft et Anna Mae Wong - dont Chu Berry offrit une bien belle version, justifie une remarque de Cannonball a priori assez inattendue au premier chef : «?C’était extrêmement intéressant de se trouver dans la formation de Miles en même temps que Coltrane, parce que, à cette époque, il possédait une sonorité extrêmement légère, fluide. Depuis toujours ma sonorité à l’alto avait été influencée par le son du ténor aussi elle possédait une densité certaine. Quelquefois il était difficile de savoir à quel moment l’un des deux instruments s’arrêtait et l’autre démarrait. L’ensemble donnait l’impression de former une seule et unique phrase (10).?» Que ce soit au moment de l’enchaînement des chorus d’alto et de ténor ou à l’occasion de leurs échanges, la similitude est flagrante. Il apparaît tout autant à l’évidence, compte tenu de ce que l’on sait sur la poursuite de sa carrière, que Cannonball n’ira jamais plus avant dans les audaces harmoniques, celles-là même que l’on retrouve, sous une forme encore plus radicale, au long de Flamenco Sketches.
Bill Evans : «?La veille de la première séance, je suis venu le matin chez Miles. Il avait aimé Peace Piece que j’avais enregistré et me dit vouloir faire quelque chose dans le genre. J’ai pensé alors qu’au lieu de jouer un seul ostinato nous pourrions peut-être évoluer au travers de deux ou trois ou quatre ou cinq niveaux mélodiques qui seraient reliés les uns aux autres formant ainsi un cycle. Il donna son accord et nous avons travaillé au piano jusqu’à ce que nous arrivions aux cinq niveaux que nous avons utilisés. Je les ai relevés pour les gars en traçant autant de petits schémas (11).?»
Parmi ceux que réunit l’album «?Kind of Blue?», Flamenco Sketches est certainement le morceau qui relève avec le plus d’évidence, et cela sans la moindre ambiguïté, de cette musique modale qui, à l’époque, interpellait Miles. L’utilisation des «?gammes andalouses?» expliquait d’ailleurs le titre d’un morceau qui donna bien du fil à retordre à ses interprètes. Comme le fit remarquer Herbie Hancock, ils semblent avancer sur la pointe des pieds en territoire étranger. Le défi sera convenablement relevé au bout de six prises. Sans marquer la moindre hésitation, une nouvelle fois Cannonball surgit à la suite de Coltrane, prolongeant son chorus sans état d’âme avec l’enthousiasme dont il était coutumier.
Le lendemain du jour où Flamenco Sketches fut mis en boîte, Adderley entrait à nouveau au studio, cette fois pour son compte personnel. Lors de la première séance de «?Cannonball Adderley Takes Charge?», il avait débauché la rythmique de Miles mais, lorsqu’il grava Poor Butterfly, deux des frères Heath, Percy et Al «Tootie» remplaçaient Paul Chambers et Jimmy Cobb. Nanti d’une assurance inébranlable, Cannonball s’y faisait entendre sur un tempo médium qui lui donnait l’occasion de mettre sur table l’intégralité de ses atouts. Cette fois les dés sont jetés. Comme l’annonçait de façon prémonitoire le titre de l’album, Cannonball était bien décidé à prendre les choses en main. Seul.
La séance Flamenco Sketches fut la dernière pour laquelle Cannonball se plia aux desiderata de Miles Davis. Estimant sa renommée suffisante pour ne plus avoir besoin de se raccrocher à un leader - fut-il Miles - en août 1959 il décida de voler de ses propres ailes. D’ailleurs la musique issue de la séance «?Kind of Blue?», pour passionnante qu’elle fut, correspondait-elle vraiment à celle qu’il entendait servir?? Au vrai, Cannonball n’avait qu’une envie, recréer le quintette qu’il avait été contraint de dissoudre deux années plus tôt. En plus d’en être le co-leader, son frère Nat lui servirait d’interlocuteur au cornet; Sam Jones, un «?ancien?» de Floride, tiendrait la basse. Louis Hayes prendrait place derrière la batterie puisque, faisant taire ses scrupules, il l’avait soustrait à Horace Silver.
Pour occuper le poste de pianiste, Cannonball avait pensé à Phineas Newborn. Il le contacta, toutefois devant son exigence de figurer dans l’intitulé du groupe, les négociations s’arrêtèrent. Afficher trois noms de chefs pour un quintette aurait été non seulement insultant pour les deux autres mais aussi parfaitement ridicule. Au fond de lui-même, Cannonball aurait bien voulu avoir Bobby Timmons mais, pour cela, il allait devoir l’enlever à Art Blakey. Ce qu’il fit, passant outre au cas de conscience qu’un tel rapt lui posait.
Le quintette débuta à Philadelphie où il reçut un très bon accueil puis partit à San Francisco assurer un engagement au Jazz Workshop. Ce fut alors que Cannonball rappela à Keepnews qu’il lui avait promis de les enregistrer dès qu’ils se sentiraient prêts. Depuis la Californie, Ralph Gleason avait fait savoir au patron de Riverside Records que la formation des frères Adderley tenait un véritable tube avec une composition de Bobby Timmons, This Here?; à chaque fois qu’elle était jouée, elle soulevait l’enthousiasme du public. Il n’y avait donc pas à tergiverser encore qu’un problème de taille se posait : San Francisco ne comptait à l’époque aucun studio d’enregistrement digne de ce nom et il était impossible d’y dénicher un ingénieur du son capable de capter correctement un orchestre en public. Orrin Keepnews demanda alors conseil au fondateur de Pacific Jazz, Dick Bock, qui lui indiqua quelqu’un venant de réaliser pour lui ce genre de performance… en oubliant d’ajouter que, devant la médiocrité du résultat, il avait décidé de ne pas sortir le disque. Malgré tout, et en dépit de la difficulté de reproduire correctement la sonorité d’une batterie dans un endroit ressemblant à un tunnel, le quintette des frères Adderley fut enregistré durant deux soirées.
Orrin Keepnews avait été frappé par le remarquable don que possédait Cannonball pour mettre dans sa poche un auditoire, lors de la présentation de ses morceaux. Il décida donc de commencer le disque par l’une d’entre elles en introduction de This Here. L’initiative fut bien reçue et l’album «?In San Francisco?» remporta un joli succès. «?The Cannonball Adderley Quintet Featuring Nat Adderley?» était lancé.
This Here ou ‘Dis There y fit pour beaucoup. À l’instar de Moanin’, Bobby Timmons avait composé l’un de ces morceaux «?funky?» rapidement mémorisable, fleurant bon le gospel qui appelait irrésistiblement claquements de mains et battements de pieds. Julian et Nat Adderley prenaient en marche un train qu’Art Blakey avait mis sur les rails, Horace Silver occupant la cabine d’aiguillage. L’époque n’était certes plus aux finasseries : l’ennemi était aux portes donnant l’artillerie lourde avec Rock around the Clock, Johnny B. Good ou Heartbreak Hotel. Ce n’était certainement pas avec Flamenco Sketches que l’on regagnerait les faveurs du grand public. Cannonball y avait participé sans rechigner, son intelligence musicale lui ayant fait comprendre l’importance de la chose mais ses amours se situaient plus prosaïquement du côté d’un jazz revisitant ses sources. Sa discographie comptait d’ailleurs plus d’un morceau qui relevait de cette tendance, Blue Funk par exemple.
This Here portait les caractéristiques du genre à un degré maximum d’efficacité. À ceux qui lui reprochèrent de chercher un succès facile, Cannonball rétorqua qu’il n’y avait aucun calcul là-dessous et qu’ils se contentaient de jouer quelque chose qui leur plaisait. Effectivement. Il y aurait mauvaise grâce à prétendre que la musique prônée par les frères Adderley ne correspondait pas à leur vraie nature. Ils n’allaient d’ailleurs pas résister à remettre rapidement le couvert avec Dat Dere. Frère jumeau de This Here, signé lui aussi par Bobby Timmons, ce thème avait tout pour plaire, y compris un brin de grandiloquence dans une introduction qui piétinait quelque peu les platebandes de Blues March. Cannonball y menait le jeu avec un entrain évident, Nat lui donnant fort joliment la réplique alors que Bobby Timmons frôlait l’auto-parodie en accentuant délibérément le côté funky de son jeu.
Tout comme Dat Dere, Work Song rencontra un vif succès. Nat Adderley qui l’avait composé, venait de l’enregistrer pour son compte deux mois plus tôt pour un album au titre éponyme auquel participaient Wes Montgomery et Bobby Timmons.
Dans la version des deux frères, le piano était tenu par Barry Harris qui, avec beaucoup de finesse, évitait de tomber dans la surenchère suggérée par une mélodie dont Claude Nougaro fera Sing Sing Song. Pris sur un tempo plus rapide, Jeannine, composé par Duke Pearson, bénéficiait d’un traitement presque identique avec toutefois un résultat nettement moins accrocheur.
Les trois morceaux étaient réunis au sein d’un LP au titre explicite «?Them Dirty Blues?».
«?Le message fondamental du groupe procède de l’esprit regorgeant d’âme du blues - de ce blues, authentique, profond, incroyablement porteur d’émotion, franchement canaille, qui a toujours été et sera toujours le soubassement du jazz. Ce qui explique en priorité l’immédiate et stupéfiante reconnaissance populaire qui, quelques mois seulement après sa formation au milieu de 1959, a permis à l’orchestre d’occuper une place au premier rang du jazz actuel.?»
Le texte légèrement grandiloquent d’Orrin Keepnews ne laissait planer aucun doute sur le virage – réussi - qu’était en train de négocier Cannonball. Il lui vaudra de devenir une vedette populaire, ce qu’il expliqua, non sans quelque mauvaise foi, à Jean-Louis Ginibre, au cours d’une interview publiée en 1966 dans Jazz Magazine : «?Je crois que les amateurs étaient prêts pour ce genre de groupe car, à l’époque, tous les orchestres semblaient être introvertis. Le public nous a appréciés parce que nous étions heureux d’être ensemble et que nous prenions plaisir à jouer.?» Ils n’étaient pas les seuls…
Lorsque Bobby Timmons partit retrouver Art Blakey, Barry Harris resta six mois. Victor Feldman lui succèda. «Victor avait déjà enregistré avec moi un album «?Poll Winners?», où il y avait également Ray Brown, Louis Hayes et Wes Montgomery.?» Never Will I Marry y figurait, venant opportunément rappeler que derrière Cannonball, chantre du «?funk jazz?», se dissimulait bien un improvisateur de tout premier plan. La raison pour laquelle, bien qu’arrivé le dernier dans un domaine où la concurrence était forte, il allait renvoyer ses concurrents à leurs chères études. Ce qu’il joue au cours de sa rencontre avec Wes Montgomery explique le fait qu’il réussira la prouesse de ne jamais s’aliéner complètement les amateurs de jazz pur et dur. Malheureusement, alors même que Julian Adderley avait fait découvrir Wes Montgomery à Orrin Keepnews, «?Poll Winners?» consacra la seule rencontre qui réunira les deux vedettes de Riverside.
Être invité un dimanche au Lighthouse, port d’attache de musiciens avec lesquels il ne possédait guère d’atomes crochus, ne manquait pas de sel pour quelqu’un qui tirait gloire d’avoir contribué à leur élimination de la scène du jazz. Ce qui n’empêcha pas Cannonball de n’éprouver aucun scrupule à emprunter à Frank Rosolino sa valse, Blue Daniel, l’incluant dans ce qui allait être l’un de ses plus beaux albums qui fut aussi le dernier enregistrement que Vic Feldman fit en compagnie des frères Adderley.
À son propos, Orrin Keepnews reconnut avoir été étonné par la prestation du pianiste au cours de l’audition qui testait son aptitude à entrer dans le quintette. Aux yeux du producteur, le fait d’avoir passé quatre années en Californie était rédhibitoire : il ne pouvait être l’homme de la situation. Une manifestation supplémentaire de l’ignorance - pour ne pas dire du mépris – qu’entretenaient les new-yorkais vis-à-vis de ce qui se passait au bord du Pacifique. S’il avait écouté les enregistrements de Vic Feldman au sein de l’orchestre de Shelly Manne au Blackhawk, Keepnews se serait épargné bien des sueurs froides…
Devant le piano s’installa bientôt un autre Européen. Vic Feldman était né à Londres, Joe Zawinul en Autriche, à Vienne plus précisément. Il restera presque une décennie en compagnie des frères Adderley. Bien après le décès de Cannonball survenu en 1975, il lui rendit cet hommage : «?Je dois dire avec tristesse que Julian Cannonball Adderley, pour je ne sais quelle raison, reste le musicien le plus sous-estimé qui soit. Peut-être était-il trop populaire ou peut-être cela tient-il au répertoire que l’orchestre interprétait. Toutefois, en tant qu’instrumentiste et chef d’orchestre, il était et reste l’un de ceux qui appartiennent à la poignée des grands individualistes de l’histoire de cette musique. En dépit de son souci de rester accessible, la versatilité de l’orchestre avait quelque chose de spécial. À l’exception du grand Duke Ellington, personne ne savait comme Julian s’adresser à un public.?»
Alain Tercinet
© 2012 Frémeaux & Associés – Groupe Frémeaux & Associés
(1) (2) (3) Jack Winter, «?Interview de Cannonball Adderley?», KCFR, Denver, Colorado, 31 janvier & 4 février 1972 – Coda Magazine, n° 186, 1982.
Contrairement à ce qu’affirme Cannonball, Paul Chambers n’en était pas à son premier enregistrement.
(4) Don DeMichael, «?Cannonball Adderley – The Responsability of Success.?», Down Beat, 21 juin 1962.
(5) Bill Quinn, «?The Well Rounded ‘Ball?», Down Beat, 16 novembre 1967.
(6) comme (1).
(7) Larry Hickock, «?Castles Made of Sand – The Story of Gil Evans?», Da Capo Press, 2002.
(8) Ira Gitler, «?Julian Cannonball Adderley - part one, Jazz, été 1959?». Repris dans John Szwed, «?So What – The Life of Miles Davis?», Arrow Books, G.B., 2003.
(9) Notes de pochette de l’édition originale en LP de «?Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago?».
(10) comme (1).
(11) Ashley Kahn, «?Kind of Blue – The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece?», Da Capo Press, 2000.
CANNONBALL ADDERLEY – RANDOM TRACKNOTES
«Nat and I first recorded together on Savoy, with Kenny Clarke. Kenny set up a date with Herman Lubinsky and Ozzie Cadena, who was Herman’s representative, for «Bohemia After Dark» [Savoy 4514]... My first recording, Nat’s first, Paul Chambers’ first, Donald Byrd’s first, Jerome Richardson was on it, Horace Silver... We did Hear Me Talkin’ To Ya, Bohemia After Dark, lots of beautiful things.»(1) It was June 28th 1955 and they were in Rudy Van Gelder’s studio. Thus began the massive discography of Julian Edwin «Cannonball» Adderley, and with it the tale of his eruption into the microcosm of New York and his transformation into one of jazz’s golden legends.
Rapid rewind to the Café Bohemia: his famous chorus on I’ll Remember April – played at breakneck speed – astounded both audience and musicians alike, but its circumstances were pure chance. The Adderleys and the Coopers, Buster and Steve (trombonist and guitarist respectively), had formed a band of brothers hoping to make a little money over the summer, and they’d gone down to the Café Bohemia after rehearsals to hear Oscar Pettiford and his group: «Charlie Rouse walked in and the band hadn’t started playing, because Pettiford was one of those guys who was a stickler at getting the sound he wrote for, and he asked Rouse to sit in. Rouse said, «Man, I don’t have a horn» and Pettiford said, «Man, there’s some guy in the back with an alto, you can transpose these tenor parts.» All of us had our instruments with us, because you don’t leave your instruments in cars in New York City. So instead of Rouse asking me if he could borrow my horn, he asked me if I wanted to play. I immediately was scared to death: to be able to play with those cats, heroes of mine. I’m a Floridian, a schoolteacher, a player of rock music, lounge music and that kind of stuff. I said, «Certainly.» (2) Cannonball was always given to understatement when referring to his profession, for he was no ordinary hotel-lounge or student-hop musician. Born in Tampa, Florida, on September 15th 1928, he started playing trumpet at the age of seven, guided by the firm hand of his father, a professional with the Florida Ramblers. Young Julian quickly tired of the trumpet. He’d always dreamed of being a tenor-player but, with only 25$ in his pocket, he opted for a «beat-up alto» and then joined his school band in Tallahassee (The Royal Swingsters). The Army drafted him in 1950, and the orchestra there had Junior Mance and Curtis Fuller; it was good enough a reason for Julian to persuade his brother Nat to anticipate the draft and join him. Thanks to Uncle Sam, their apprenticeship stretched to three years... But it’s still worth noting that, when he climbed onto that bandstand at the Café Bohemia, Cannonball wasn’t actually a saxophonist as claimed, but a qualified teacher.
In the totally informal context – musically close to the jam-session – reigning over his first record-date, Julian Adderley bursts into Bohemia after Dark without faltering, releasing a torrent of notes which, while never gratuitous (of course), are so abundant that they somewhat saturate a discourse which shows undeniable good humour.
«When I heard Bird for the first time, I immediately knew this was IT.» After buying every Jay McShann record which had Parker on it, Cannonball finally got to hear him in the flesh in the course of 1946. Nine years later, with Bird gone, Julian Adderley joined the cohorts of those who (unfortunately, no matter what they said) would have dearly liked the distinction of being «a second Parker». Alongside Jackie McLean, Phil Woods and a few others, Cannonball was in good company; having such a heritage thrust upon him would have easily destabilized someone shakier. While Bird’s playing had indeed taken a strong hold on Cannonball, much separated them. It would be too simplistic to see Adderley as yet another imitator: in actual fact, Cannonball evolved «around» Parker’s language rather than inside it. Whether in Oscar Pettiford’s band or fronting his own quintet, he didn’t much care about the rests or contrasting accents used by Parker, who always turned them to his advantage. But they were venial defects, and largely overshadowed by a discourse whose impetuosity stemmed from a resolutely optimistic vision of music, and a pleasure in playing which he showed no shame in admitting. He played like that all the time. The tragic dimensions of the sphere in which Bird evolved – its depth, too – would always be non-starters for Cannonball.
It’s not just a figure of speech to say that Cannonball’s playing overflowed with enthusiasm; his participation in Sarah Vaughan’s How High the Moon is more than enough to convince you of that. Not only does his chorus set fire to the whole performance but, throughout the four-fours he swaps with Sassy, he manages to communicate his flame to her, urging her out of her usual reserve.
Cannonball might have impressed New York’s jazz world, but that wasn’t why he’d gone there: he’d matriculated at New York University. That famous night at the Café Bohemia had done more than earn him a gig and the chance to record two albums under his own name: it had sidetracked him from the straight and narrow... He went back to Florida out of professional conscience, because he had to fulfil teaching commitments in Fort Lauderdale over the last term of 1955. His scruples were honourable but in fact they caused him to make a mistake. «I formed my first band towards the end of 1955. Having worked in New York, I was – naively – sure that the best Florida musicians would meet the challenge of the major club circuit.»(3) After two and a half weeks of rehearsals and some gigs in Florida, Philadelphia, Detroit and Cleveland, the group landed up in New York only to vegetate there. Cannonball said his record-company was responsible: «Against my wishes Mercury was promoting me as ‘the new Bird’ and all that kind of stuff. I didn’t want anything to with it. I spoke to Bob Shad and he said, ‘Our job is to sell records and I think this is the best way to do it, period.’» (4) Cannonball also accused the A&R people of telling him what to record. It’s understandable he was appalled at being represented as a Parker clone; on the other hand, it was rather dishonest of him to say that the repertoire was an imposition: most pieces he recorded were written either by the two Adderleys or by one of their partners. The sides Mercury recorded weren’t without interest, however, far from it. Whether he was playing Spectacular (Nat Adderley/Sam Jones), Tadd Dameron’s classic Our Delight or, particularly, I’ll Remember April, it’s hard to see any sign of a Parker-pastiche in either theme or execution. The only direct similarity lies in the instrumental line-up and, of course, in Cannonball’s playing: it had barely had time (and even fewer opportunities) to evolve since his first album. Still present were the temptation to believe «a little too much is only enough for me» (Our Delight), and also the exteriorisation of that unrivalled joy he derived from playing (cf. I’ll Remember April). As a leader, Cannonball proved his great feeling for taking sidemen in hand, choosing them judiciously for their compatibility and their capacity to bow to his intentions: around him he had his brother Nat on cornet, Junior Mance on piano, with Sam Jones and Jimmy Cobb playing bass and drums respectively. It was an extremely promising cast, even though they all dispersed after some twenty months’ existence: «Nobody can really say why one group is a success and another isn’t. Our first band wasn’t, even though it had good musicians.»(5)
It was then that Dizzy Gillespie offered Adderley a place in his band; Julian hesitated and sought the advice of Miles Davis, who’d shown an interest in him since his arrival in New York, supplying counsel on both music and other aspects of the business: for example, Miles had already made the observation that, if Julian had swing, he didn’t know zip about chords. Cannonball had been indignant at first, but later realised the truth in the remark. When Cannonball told him about Gillespie’s offer, Miles replied that he’d be better off joining him... and Julian, after some dithering, accepted. «I was with Miles from October 1957 to October 1959. I learned a lot musically just by being with him. Spacing, for example, when taking a solo. He was also a master of understatement, and he taught me a lot about chords, like Coltrane who, on that subject, knew more than anybody [...] I suppose I had a stabilizing effect. Two of the musicians, excellent though they were, weren’t especially punctual; you couldn’t much count on them either.» (6)
Miles’ first gift to his new partner was exceptional: he accepted to be a sideman on «Somethin’ Else», the album Cannonball was to make for Blue Note. The alto-player hadn’t had much opportunity to test himself with Miles (the trumpeter had gone to Europe on his own at the end of 1957), yet here he’s no longer quite the same musician. Without putting aside any of the qualities that formed the basis of his style, he’d transformed himself into a mature musician who was now leading his own bands rather than letting them draw him on. On Dancing in the Dark, a tune Miles chose in tribute to Sarah Vaughan’s singing, he shows a penchant for a form of lyrical romanticism that reminds you of one of Benny Carter’s facets. It was a constant to be found throughout Cannonball’s ballad playing, and the surreptitious quote from Shadow Waltz he plays here belongs to that attitude. His metamorphosis is illuminated even more clearly by Autumn Leaves: it’s one of the most memorable versions of the Joseph Kosma tune, thanks to a little Ahmad Jamal-type arrangement written by Miles for the occasion.
Taken at a quick tempo, Jackie McLean’s blues Dr. Jackle, is a pretext for a thrilling tenor/alto conversation; thrilling, because here Cannonball unexpectedly appears in the guise of a student at Coltrane University... Not so surprising, really: whenever anyone took a problem to Miles, his answer was invariably, «Go see ‘Trane about it.»
«Miles Ahead», the album Miles Davis recorded in arranger Gil Evans’ company, was produced by George Avakian. Cannonball wasn’t on it but he would have a similar experience. Avakian had left Columbia for health reasons; when he met Gil Evans and learned that Evans was thinking about an album that would feature Cannonball, his natural enthusiasm led him to get in touch with Richard Bock, the owner of World Pacific. Gil Evans had great esteem for Cannonball anyway, but he probably also saw it as an ideal opportunity to finally realize a project with an alto that had remained a pious hope with Charlie Parker. Work began on «New Bottle, Old Wine», subtitled «The Great Jazz Composers interpreted by Gil Evans and His Orchestra». The arranger wrote made-to-measure scores for Cannonball and put together an orchestra composed essentially of brass instruments – three trumpets, three trombones, a French horn and a tuba – plus three woodwinds which included a bass clarinet. Each and every piece – whether written by Jelly Roll Morton, Lester Young, Monk or Parker – received an arrangement which expressed all of Gil’s respect for those composers; too, the scores showed Evans’ intelligent, total understanding of the way they’d originally written their music. Louis Armstrong’s Struttin’ with Some Barbecue, stated on the tuba by Bill Barber, opens with a trombone chorus from Frank Rehak, with Cannonball only coming in towards the middle of the piece. He’s expansive, yes, but his discourse has a density which had been singularly lacking until he’d been confronted by the exchanges between Miles and Coltrane. «Cannonball played superbly on that album,» said Gil Evans to Ben Sidran almost thirty years later. «Even the way he attacks ‘St. Louis Blues’ always sends shivers down my spine.»(7) Just listen to St. Louis Blues and the change in tempo; or the call-and-response exchanges between Adderley and the orchestra; or again, Gil Evans’ piano and Chuck Wayne’s guitar bringing in the coda together... In some circles, «New Bottle, Old Wine» met with a reception that was at best lukewarm. Incredible! Maybe it bore a relation to the general lack of interest in Cannonball (cf. Alain Gerber’s preface here). Or were people indifferent to Gil Evans? Maybe they just didn’t understand.
Miles Davis had a gift for turning a little song into something infinitely more interesting, often without changing the title. His new lady was dancer Frances Taylor, and in her honour he wrote Fran Dance based on Put Your Little Foot Right Out, a more or less traditional song revisited by Larry Spier in the film «San Antonio». Taken at a slow tempo in the studio’s laid-back atmosphere – another version was recorded at the Newport Festival – cf. «Bill Evans – The Quintessence» –, the tune allows Cannonball to confirm that he’d preserved that smiling, light-hearted side of his playing, one of its charms. This, in turn, provides an interesting contrast with the more severe tone displayed by Coltrane whose gravity remained foreign to Adderley, whatever the strength of the rapports which tied him to Trane. From Miles himself, Cannonball learned a lesson he’d always remember: «I had the habit of considering a solo as a more or less secondary thing in an orchestra. The ensemble-playing was what counted, in the same way as cleanness of execution, unisons, the foundations of music. Listening to Miles, who’s not a good trumpeter but a great soloist – you know what I mean – all of a sudden those foundations didn’t mean so much to me: he was so brilliant in not taking them into account. A solo expresses what he’s thinking about a composition, and so that solo becomes the important thing [...] Miles thought that if it was played right, it could equal a composition.»(8)
Bill Evans accompanied Cannonball on Fran Dance. He’d only been around a few days but Adderley had already heard him at the Village (the pianist was billed there at the same time as Julian’s brother Nat). When Cannonball told Miles Davis about the deep impression Evans had left on him, the trumpeter replied it was a good thing he liked the pianist, because he’d just hired him... (As a replacement for Red Garland who, for personal reasons, had refused to go to Philly where Miles and his quintet were due to play).
Bill’s style interested Cannonball so much that he asked him to accompany him when he was given the chance to record «Portrait of Cannonball». That album inaugurated a long association – it produced fifteen albums – between Cannonball and Orrin Keepnews, one of Riverside’s co-owners. The two men had met the previous year thanks to Clark Terry. They’d hit it off during a long conversation they’d had on the sidewalk outside the Café Bohemia, where the Bohemia’s owner used to indiscriminately throw anybody who was spending too much time at the bar. Riverside had by now cultivated a sizeable roster – Thelonious Monk, Bill Evans and Sonny Rollins were among its stars – and Keepnews offered Cannonball a contract, in the view that his existing deal with Mercury was more than a little ambiguous and unlikely to hold up to examination. So, with Sam Jones and Philly Joe Jones behind him, and accompanied by Blue Mitchell on trumpet and Bill Evans on piano, Julian Adderley recorded «Portrait of Cannonball». Together with a single standard, People Will Say We’re in Love, the album gathered tunes by Gigi Gryce (Minority), Miles Davis (Nardis, cf. «Bill Evans–The Quintessence»), and three original compositions including Sam Jones’ Blue Funk, an astounding piece due to the double «press roll» with which Philly Joe Jones introduced the horns. According to Alain Gerber it was probably unique in jazz history. The ground-level swing emanating from Blue Funk was like a foretaste of the repertoire that would become the glory of the future quintet featuring both Adderleys.
Cannonball and Milt Jackson had crossed paths in January 1957 for Atlantic Records, playing in a nonet whose arranger was Quincy Jones (hiding behind the pseudonym Ronnie Peters). It was Orrin Keepnews’ idea to bring them together tête-à-tête for a session, and the result was christened «Things Are Getting Better», which was a very apt title for a record which represented the kind of recreation which the two musicians were allowing themselves after being severed from two particularly exacting groups, i.e. the M.J.Q. and the Miles Davis Sextet. Both enjoyed their break hugely. Sustained by Wynton Kelly – Miles’ new pianist –, Percy Heath and Art Blakey, Cannonball and Milt Jackson propose a rather unexpected version of Gillespie’s Groovin’ High, one of the tunes whose strains accompanied boppers in their assault on jazz. Without making the slightest change, and filled with glee at their encounter, the two accomplices give the tune a handsome dose of good-humoured mockery which has metamorphosed its spirit, if not its letter. That first encounter was such a success that you can only rue the fact that a second edition was never undertaken...
On September 2nd 1959, Miles’ sextet was finishing its engagement at the Sutherland Lounge in Chicago. The next day the full band, albeit minus its leader, went into Universal Recording’s Studio B for a Mercury date. The initiative was unusual, to say the least: the session was held with the alto saxophonist as leader, as Cannonball’s renown had by now left Trane some way behind. It was only when the album was reissued that it received a new title (the original «Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago» was replaced by «Cannonball & Coltrane»). In the sleeve-notes accompanying the original edition, the first-named did little to hide his admiration for the second: «Bird played things people had never heard before, and so did Lester Young. John Coltrane is like that. He hears things way ahead, even while he is playing Someday people will recognize how much he really has to say. His ideas on harmony are fantastic, and what he does to our existing theories on chord progression is too exciting.»(9) Coltrane, not as forthcoming as Cannonball, would say hardly anything about their association. As was customary in that period, each saxophonist played a ballad of his own choosing, alone. John Coltrane chose You’re a Weaver of Dreams while Cannonball opted for Stars Fell on Alabama. With infinite delicateness he does justice to a melody indissolubly linked with Jack Teagarden: he doesn’t preserve its nonchalance yet once again confirms his taste for a certain kind of romanticism.
Limehouse Blues – the title-theme from the film which starred George Raft and Anna Mae Wong in 1934 (in passing, there’s a beautiful version of it by Chu Berry) – is a piece which justifies a remark made by Cannonball (on the surface, a quite unexpected observation): «It was interesting being in Miles’s band with Coltrane, because Trane at that time had an extremely light, fluid sound ; and my alto sound has always been influenced by the tenor, so it was heavy, and sometimes it was difficult to tell where one instrument stopped and the other instrument started, it would sound like one continual phrase.»(10) The similarity is blatant, whether the choruses from the alto and tenor are flowing into one another or when they’re trading. It’s just as obvious, when you think of the rest of his career, that Cannonball would never outdo this harmonic daring, the same audacity to be found, in an even more radical form, throughout Flamenco Sketches.
According to Bill Evans, he went to Miles’ apartment the day before the session and Miles told him he’d liked «Peace Piece» and wanted to do something similar. Evans came up with a series of a five scales: «Instead of doing one ostinato, we could move through two or three or four or five levels that would relate to one another and make a cycle, and Miles agreed. We worked at the piano until we had the five levels we used and I wrote them out for everyone as little sketches.»(11)
Among the pieces which make up the «Kind of Blue» album, Flamenco Sketches is certainly the tune which most evidently – and least ambiguously – belongs to the modal music which was then holding so much interest for Miles Davis. And the use of «Andalusia» scales also explains the title of the piece which was making life rather difficult for the musicians here (as Herbie Hancock pointed out, they seem to be tip-toeing through a foreign land): it took them six takes before they could decently rise to the challenge. Once again, Cannonball surges forward to pick up after Coltrane; undaunted, he extends his chorus without any qualms, showing all his customary enthusiasm.
The day after Flamenco Sketches was taped Adderley was back in the studios, this time on his own account. For the first session of «Cannonball Adderley Takes Charge» he’d poached Miles’ rhythm section but, when he cut Poor Butterfly, two of the Heath brothers, Percy and «Tootie» (Al) stood in for Paul Chambers and Jimmy Cobb. Cannonball’s unshakeable self-assurance gives him all the security he needs to play a medium-tempo tune where he can put all his cards on the table. This time the dice are down and Cannonball, true to the premonitory title of his album, seems decided to go it alone.
The Flamenco Sketches session was the last in which Cannonball would bend to Miles’ desiderata. Esteeming he had enough of a reputation to no longer need a locomotive – even if it was Miles Davis – «Cannon» decided in August 1959 that he would stand on his own two feet. Thrilling as it was, did the results of the «Kind of Blue» session really correspond to the music he intended to serve? To tell the truth, Cannonball wanted only one thing: to reform the quintet he’d been forced to disband a couple of years earlier. Besides being his co-leader, his brother Nat would be his conversation-partner, playing cornet; Sam Jones, another «old Floridian», would play bass; and his drummer would be Louis Hayes because Cannonball, keeping his scruples quiet, had poached him from Horace Silver. Cannonball had thought of Phineas Newborn to join them on piano. He got in touch with him, but Phineas wanted his name somewhere on the masthead and all negotiations stopped: having three chiefs for a five-piece group was not only an insult to the two others but quite simply ridiculous. Deep down, Cannonball wanted Bobby Timmons, but to accomplish that he’d have to lure him away from Art Blakey... Which he did, blithely ignoring any guilt he might have felt about the kidnapping.
The quintet made its debut in Philadelphia to a very warm reception and then went to San Francisco for a gig at the Jazz Workshop. It was there that Cannonball reminded Orrin Keepnews about his promise to record them as soon as they felt they were ready. Ralph Gleason called from California to tell Riverside’s boss that the group led by the Adderleys had a hit on its hands with a Bobby Timmons composition called This Here, which sent the audience wild every time they played it. There was no point in beating about the bush, even though there was one (major) issue to be dealt with: San Francisco didn’t have a recording-studio worthy of the name in those days, nor was it possible to get hold of a sound-engineer who could decently handle a live recording. So Orrin Keepnews asked the advice of Pacific Jazz founder Dick Bock, who gave him the name of someone who’d just done exactly that for Pacific Jazz... The only trouble was, Bock forgot to say that the result was so mediocre that he’d decided not to release the record. Against all odds, and despite the difficulty encountered in getting the drum-sound right in a venue that resembled a tunnel, the Adderley brothers’ quintet was duly recorded over two nights.
Keepnews had been struck by Cannonball’s remarkable gift for putting the audience in his pocket when introducing the tunes he was going to play, and he decided to begin the album with one such introduction for This Here. His initiative met with success, and so did the album called «In San Francisco». As for «The Cannonball Adderley Quintet Featuring Nat Adderley», it was up and running. The titles This Here and ‘Dis There were largely responsible for this: following the example of Moanin’, Bobby Timmons had written another instantly-memorable «funky» piece which smacked of gospel in its irresistible call for people to clap their hands, stamp their feet and generally «get down». Julian and Nat Adderley were hopping on board a train which ran over Art Blakey’s rails (with Horace Silver in the signal box). Indeed, the time for ruse was over: the enemy was on the doorstep with heavy artillery, firing shells like Rock around the Clock, Johnny B. Goode or Heartbreak Hotel. Nobody was going to win back an audience with Flamenco Sketches... Cannonball rolled up his sleeves and jumped in; all his musical intelligence told him that this was important, but his love lay, more prosaically, with jazz that revisited its sources... His discography had more than one tune that reflected the trend, too: Blue Funk for example.
This Here took the characteristics of the genre to its highest degree of efficiency. To those who reproached him for trying to gain success the easy way, Cannonball retorted that it was anything but calculated: they were just happy to play something they liked. Indeed. It would be bad grace to pretend that the music the Adderleys liked didn’t correspond to the brothers’ true nature. Besides, they weren’t about to resist helping themselves to more when they cut Dat Dere. This twin brother of This Here, also written by Bobby Timmons, has everything you’d like to hear, including a wisp of grandiloquence in an introduction that poaches on Blues March territory. Cannonball leads the playing with obvious spirit and Nat nicely gives him as good as he gets, with Bobby Timmons coming very close to self-parody in his deliberate emphasis on the funky side of his playing.
Work Song, like Dat Dere, met with quick success. Two months earlier, Nat Adderley, its composer, had recorded it under his own name for an album of the same title in which Wes Montgomery and Bobby Timmons also participated. In this version by the two brothers, the pianist is Barry Harris who, quite elegantly, avoids falling into the trap of one-upmanship set by the melody. As for Jeannine, a Duke Pearson composition taken at a quicker tempo, the treatment they give it is almost identical, even if the result isn’t quite as catchy. All three pieces were included on an LP bearing the explicit title, «Them Dirty Blues». «The fundamental message of the group proceeds from the soul-packed blues-spirit, that same blues – authentic, profound, an incredible and frankly low-down carrier of the emotions – which was always, and always will be, the bedrock of jazz. In priority, it explains the immediate and astonishing popular recognition which, only a few months after it was founded in the middle of 1959, allowed this band to rise to the top ranks of modern jazz.» Orrin Keenews’ slightly pompous language left no doubt as to which fork in the road Cannonball was (successfully) taking. He became a popular star thanks to that choice, although it wasn’t entirely honest of him to say (in a 1966 interview with Jean-Louis Ginibre for Jazz Magazine, «I believe that the fans were ready for this kind of group because, at the time, all the bands seemed introverted. The public liked us because we were happy being together and we took pleasure in playing.» They weren’t the only ones...
When Bobby Timmons went back to Art Blakey, Barry Harris stayed for six months before Victor Feldman stepped in. «Victor had already recorded a ‘Poll Winners’ album with me that also had Ray Brown, Louis Hayes and Wes Montgomery.» The title Never Will I Marry was on that one, and it comes as a timely reminder that «Cannonball-the priest-of-jazz-funk» was hiding a top-flight improviser. As the latest newcomer on a scene where competition was fierce, all the more reason for him to send the others running for cover. What he plays in his meeting with Wes Montgomery explains how he managed the exploit of never completely alienating hard-core jazz fans. Unfortunately, just when Cannonball Adderley was helping Orrin Keepnews discover Wes Montgomery, «Poll Winners» would be the only pairing of the two Riverside stars.
Being invited down to the Lighthouse on a Sunday – the place was a kind of home-turf for many musicians with whom he had practically nothing in common – had a certain piquancy for someone with a glorious reputation for having eliminated the aforesaid musicians from the jazz scene... And Cannonball showed no scruples in borrowing the Blue Daniel waltz from one of them (Frank Rosolino) for what would be one of his finest albums (and also the last recording where Vic Feldman kept the Adderley brothers company). On the subject of that album, Orrin Keepnews recognized he’d been amazed by what the pianist had played at his audition for the job with the quintet; Orrin thought four years in California was totally unacceptable, and that there was no way that Feldman could be up to the task. It was just another sign of the ignorance – if not disdain – entertained by New-Yorkers on the subject of what was happening on Pacific shores. If he’d only listened to Vic Feldman with Shelly Manne at the Blackhawk, Keepnews wouldn’t have broken into such a cold sweat...
Another European soon sat down at the piano: where Vic Feldman was a Londoner, Joe Zawinul was Austrian, from Vienna to be precise. He stayed with the Adderleys for almost a decade and, long after Cannonball passed away in 1975, Zawinul paid him this tribute: «I sadly have to say that Julian Cannonball Adderley, for I don’t know what reason, remains the most underestimated musician ever. Maybe he was too popular, or maybe it has something to do with the repertoire played by the band. Whatever, as an instrumentalist and bandleader he was, and remains, one of only a handful of great individualists in the history of this music. Despite his wish to remain accessible, the versatility of his band had something special. Except for the great Duke Ellington, nobody knew like Julian how to speak to an audience.»
Adapted by Martin Davies
from the French text of Alain Tercinet
© 2012 Frémeaux & Associés – Groupe Frémeaux & Associés
(1) (2) (3) Jack Winter, in an interview with Cannonball Adderley, KCFR Denver, Colorado, Jan. 31st & Feb. 4th 1972, reprinted in Coda Magazine N°186, 1982. Contrary to Cannonball’s statement, it wasn’t Paul Chambers’ first recording.
(4) Don DeMichael, «Cannonball Adderley – The Responsibility of Success», article in Down Beat, June 21st 1962.
(5) Bill Quinn, «The Well Rounded ‘Ball», article in Down Beat, November 16th 1967.
(6) See (1).
(7) Larry Hickock, «Castles Made of Sand – The Story of Gil Evans», Da Capo Press, 2002.
(8) Ira Gitler, «Julian Cannonball Adderley (Part 1)», article in «Jazz: A Quarterly of American Music», 1959.
(9) In the original liner-notes for the LP «Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago».
(10) See (1).
(11) Ashley Kahn, «Kind of Blue – The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece», Da Capo Press, 2000.
Il aura fallu une réhabilitation pour que Cannonball Adderley occupe enfin sa vraie place au panthéon des jazzmen et dans le cœur des amateurs de jazz. La renommée elle-même, qui ne lui ménagea pas ses faveurs, ne lui avait pas rendu cette justice de son vivant.
Alain Gerber
Cannonball Adderley had to be restored to favour before he could take his rightful place in jazz’ Hall of Fame and the hearts of jazz fans everywhere. Fame itself, which hardly came easily to him, didn’t do him that justice in his lifetime.
Alain Gerber
CD CANNONBALL ADDERLEY THE QUINTESSENCE NEW YORK - CHICAGO - SAN FRANCISCO 1955-1960, CANNONBALL ADDERLEY © Frémeaux & Associés 2012 (frémeaux, frémaux, frémau, frémaud, frémault, frémo, frémont, fermeaux, fremeaux, fremaux, fremau, fremaud, fremault, fremo, fremont, CD audio, 78 tours, disques anciens, CD à acheter, écouter des vieux enregistrements, albums, rééditions, anthologies ou intégrales sont disponibles sous forme de CD et par téléchargement.)